Data and samples have been collected from participants across a wide-range of outcomes at each annual visit, refer to the content below. The 6-month visit collected data on cognition only.
You can download the EPAD protocol here.
For more information about the EPAD LCS protocol, refer to the following paper:
European Prevention of Alzheimer’s Dementia Longitudinal Cohort Study (EPAD LCS): study protocol.
Alina Solomon et al. BMJ Open 2019 Feb 19;8(12):e021017.
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021017
Primary Outcomes
Cognitive Outcomes – RBANS Total Scale Index Score
- Verbal Episodic Memory: List Learning & Story Memory
- Visual Episodic Memory: Figure recall
- Visuospatial/Constructional: Figure Copy & Line Orientation
- Language: Picture Naming
- Attention/Executive Functioning: Semantic Fluency, Digit Span, Coding
Secondary Outcomes
Cognitive Outcomes
- Working Memory: Dot Counting (NIH EXAMINER)
- Choice Reaction Time and Set Shifting: Flanker (NIH EXAMINER)
- Paired Associate Learning: Favourites (University of California, San Francisco)
CSF Biomarker Outcomes
Neuroimaging Outcomes (MRI)
- Hippocampal & whole brain volume
Exploratory Outcomes
Cognitive Outcomes
- Allocentric Space: Four Mountains Task (University College London/University of York)
- Navigation in Egocentric Space: Virtual Reality Supermarket Trolley (University College London)
Other Clinical Outcomes
- Everyday functioning: Amsterdam Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire
Neuroimaging Outcomes
- Multi-region structural and functional MRI analysis
- Functional regional and network measures
CSF Biomarker Outcomes
- TREM-2, neurofilament light, and neurogranin
Other Measures
- Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, family history of AD/dementia in first degree relatives, medical history, comorbidity, medication use, BMI, waist-hip ratio, blood pressure.
- Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR)
- Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)
- Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).
- Vascular burden (WML, infarcts, lacunes, microbleeds, superficial siderosis)
- Dementia diagnosed by the participant’s physician
- Physical examination
- APOE genotype
- Polygenic Risk Scores
- Collection of CSF and blood, urine & saliva samples for future biomarker assessments (emerging AD biomarkers): beta-amyloid, t-tau, p-tau, (neurofilament light, TREM 2, and neurogranin).
